Course of Raku / Essentials / Ranges

Excluding endpoints

To exclude one of the edges or both of them, modify the range creation operator with the ^ character. There are three more operators that can be constructed in such a way. The comments list the numbers that the ranges generate.

1 ..^ 5;  # 1, 2, 3, 4
1 ^.. 5;  #    2, 3, 4, 5
1 ^..^ 5; #    2, 3, 4

In simple cases as shown above, you can omit the spaces around the range operator:

my $r1 = 1..5;
my $r2 = 1..^5;

For a range that start with 0, such as 0..^5, there exists a shortcut syntax: ^5.

Practice

Complete the quiz that covers the contents of this topic.

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